Newton's first paper online and free

More than 8,000 historical scientific papers from the Royal Society's archives are now accessible online for free.

Visitors to the website will be able to view Isaac Newton's first published scientific paper, Benjamin Franklin's account of his electrical kite experiment and geological work by a young Charles Darwin.

The papers are "fully searchable", adds the Royal Society, and all papers that were published more than 70 years ago are free to view.

The very first edition of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society was published in 1665; and was thus the first ever peer-reviewed journal. Its first editor, Henry Oldenburg, described it as "licensed by the council of the society, being first reviewed by some of the members of the same". Despite a spell in jail for Oldenburg, the Great Fire of London and the outbreak of plague, the journal is still published today.

It continues, says the Society in a press release, along the original design set out by Oldenburg with contributors "...invited and encouraged to search, try, and find out new things, impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all philosophical arts, and sciences."

The announcement follows the news of the launch of Open Biology -- the Royal Society's first open access journal, which is available only online. It will focus upon research in cell biology, developmental and structural biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, neuroscience, immunology, microbiology and genetics.

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Samsung To Release Bendy-Screened Phones

Demonstrations of 'bendable' screens have been a staple of technology shows ever since there were screens small enough for us to carry.

This week, Samsung has given the strongest sign yet that the hi-tech devices might become reality.

The company demonstrated 'bendable' AMOLED screens 4.5 inches across and just 0.3mm thick in January this year.

Reports this week hint that phones using the technology - which can be 'rolled up' and survive hammer blows - will appear in the second quarter of next year.

The technology relies on atom-thick layers of 'graphene' - sheets of carbon atoms - sandwiched together, protecting a layer of liquid crystal 'screen'.

Earlier this year, reports leaked that Samsung had the capacity to manufacture large amounts of the screen by 'early 2012' - but no one knew what they might be for.

Samsung later released pictures of a concept phone using the technology - the Galaxy Skin.

The phone would be no mere novelty.

Phones using Graphene screens would be practically unbreakable, and offer an instant advantage over every other smartphone on the market.

Now, according to reports in the International Business Times, the handsets could be on sale early next year.

The report was remarkably specific, stating that the handset would offer specifications including a high-resolution 800×480 flexible AMOLED screen, eight megapixel camera and 1Gb of RAM as well as a 1.2GHz processor. 

Those specifications sound suspiciously similar to the spec of Samsung's current flagship, the Galaxy S II, however.

Will Findlater, editor of Stuff magazine told Mail Online today, 'AMOLED is already the mobile screen technology to beat, so if it’s as good as promised, flexible AMOLED could put an end to smashed smartphone displays - and tablets, which are even more fragile.' 

Samsung's Galaxy Skin - unveiled as a concept earlier this year - could be on sale as early as Spring 2012, according to recent reports.

Layers of 'Graphene' - atom-thick layers of carbon - will be used to create paper-thin 'foldable' screens in the Samsung Galaxy Skin.

The potential for tablets that can fold to the size of a smartphone is especially exciting – you could have two gadgets for the price of one,' says Findlater.

It's perhaps wise to be a little sceptical however. 

Samsung has made no official announcement regarding the product, and while they definitely can manufacture the technology - it was freely on show earlier this year - the 'gulf' between that and a working phone ready to go into mass production is huge.

'Flexible' screens have been demonstrated in various forms since as early as 2004 - with tech insiders suggesting that laptops or e-Book readers might one day take the form of a 'pen' housing a processor with a 'sheet' of paper-like screen wrapped around them.

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Solar panels on paper

 

 

                
            

                Engineers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have invented a new technology that allows printing solar cells on paper almost as cheap and easy as printing a photo with inkjet printers. 

                Output solar panel can be folded and placed in your pocket and will generate electricity again, without problems, once exposed to sunlight. The technique represents an important advance towards the systems used until now to make most solar cells,  processes involving substrates exposure to possible destructive conditions, liquid, or heat. 

                The new printing process uses vapors, not liquids, and temperatures below 120 degrees Celsius. These "mild" terms make possible the use of paper, of fabrics and plastics normal and untreated as a substrate where cells to be printed. 

                Of course, the technique is a little more complex than it first seems. To create an array of photovoltaic cells on paper, five different layers of material must be stored on the same piece of paper in successive applications, using a mask (also made ​​of paper) to form patterns on the surface of support cells. And the whole process must be conducted in a vacuum chamber. 

               During testing, solar cells that have been applied on a layer of plastic similar to juice bottles , but thinner, and then folded and unfold 1,000 times behaved very well, without significant loss of performance. In contrast, a commercial solar cell produced in the same material broke down after only one folding. In addition, due to very low weight of the substrate paper or palstic compared to conventional glass or other materials generally used for these purposes, scientists believe they can achieve a Record of the value of watts / kilogram with the new printable solar panels. 

               But the biggest gain remains perhaps financial, because often systems application, support and installation of photovoltaic panels are more expensive than harvesting solar energy equipment itself. 

New technology will reduce two, maybe three times the cost of electricity generation through photovoltaic alternative method. For outdoor use, the paper may be covered with standard rolling materials that will protect from the weather.

 

               Currently, solar cells printed on paper have an efficiency of only 1%, but the MIT team members are convinced that it can be significantly enhanced by further changes and new materials. However, even at current levels, the technology is good enough to power a small electronic device, its creators believe. standard laminating materials that will protect from the weather.

 

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Posted in: cells,material,paper,solar panels