Environment Clean Generations: matter

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LHC Laser Will Tear Apart the Fabric of Space

The Large Hadron Collider didn't destroy Earth, so physicists are having another go. A team is planning to build an enormously powerful laser that could rip apart the fabric of space.

The Extreme Light Infrastructure Ultra High-Field laser will be 200 times more powerful than the most powerful lasers that currently exist on the planet, says John Collider, a member of the team and the director of the Central Laser Facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Didcot. "At this kind of intensity we start to get into unexplored territory, as it is an area of physics that we have never been before," he told the Telegraph.Environment Clean Generations

The aim is to boil a vacuum. Vacuums are normally thought of as empty space, but physicists believe they actually contain tiny particles that pop in and out of existence, so fast that it's difficult to prove they exist. By focusing the ELI Ultra-High-Field laser on an area of space, the team believes that the fabric of the vacuum can be pulled apart, revealing these particles for the first time.

The laser will be made up of 10 beams, each providing 200 petawatts of power for less than a trillionth of a second. As 200 petawatts is more than 100,000 times the amount of power produced by the world, the energy will need to be stored up over time in huge capacitors. At the crucial moment, that energy will be released to form metre-wide laser beams that will then be combined and focused down onto a tiny point. At that point, the intensity of the light will be greater than at the centre of the Sun.

In these conditions, it's hoped that these pairs of matter-antimatter particles -- which normally annihilate each other almost as soon as they form -- will be pulled apart, leaving tiny electrical charges, which the team hope to measure. Environment Clean Generations.The research could yield some insight into why the Universe appears to contain far more matter than we've so far been able to detect.

The location of the laser hasn't yet been decided, but the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's Central Laser Facility is in the running. Three prototypes for the laser will be constructed in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania, each costing £200 million and scheduled to become operational in 2015. If successful, the final laser will be built -- costing around £1 billion -- in either Britain, Russia, France, Hungary, Romania or the Czech Republic.

Wolfgang Sandner, coordinator of the Laserlab Europe network and president of the German Physics Society, said: "There are many challenges to be over come before we can do that, but it is mainly a matter of scaling up the technology we have so we can produce the powers needed."

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Posted in: antimatter,environment clean generations,laser,LHC,matter,physics,sun

Energy From Antimatter

At the risk of seeming Star Trek, we’re going to have a run at antimatter and where there might be a wee glimmer of an idea that some power might be useful someday.

A couple of pieces have been passed over lately that trigger the thought. The first comes from NASA where scientists using NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have detected beams of antimatter produced above thunderstorms on Earth, a phenomenon never seen before.

It looks pretty certain now that antimatter is for real, and is not a science fiction artifact.

The second was found by Vanessa D’Amico at UniverseToday.com where Massimo Villata, a scientist from the Observatory of Turin in Italy, proposes in a new study ( A free pdf download) that explores an alternative theory: the expansion of the universe is actually due to the relationship between matter and antimatter.

According to Villata, matter and antimatter gravitationally repel each other and create a kind of “antigravity” that could do away with the need for dark energy in the universe. Villata also implies that antimatter would have reversed charge polarity.

Experienced readers are having a “Oh wow” moment because if Villata is right then a lot of quantum mechanics is going to need a rework.

Now that competence is coming into play – there is a wholly real prospect that both dark energy and antimatter are facts of the universe, which ought to keep quantum mechanics intact.

In light of the antimatter visualization produced with sound principles used by NASA to illustrate images and the section of Villata’s work that does make eminent sense, antigravity is playing a role in the expansion of the universe.

Here is where the potential exists. We all understand that matter can be organized such that a positive and negative charge can be realized. One expects that the same would be true for antimatter.

The question is, should the opposites or the reverse charge potential of antimatter be true, then a proximity of matter and antimatter would set up a field to exploit. That would be a resource beyond the supposed antimatter gravity repulsive effect that might be in the simplest form harnessed by a piezoelectric device.

The catch, or what might be a catch centers on the CPT invariance. What’s that? Well, the ‘C’ stands for charge conjugation, ‘P’ stands for parity and ‘T’ stands for time, which are usually symmetric, but not always: such comes the invariance. For the vast most part the symmetry is consistent in nature. But enough examples exist to make CPT invariance real.

Keep in mind the CPT symmetry dominates, it’s the potential invariance that’s so attractive.

The fact of the matter and antimatter situation is we aren’t certain by experimentation that the gravitational behavior of antimatter is either attractive to or repulsed from regular matter. Also it’s an intuitive probability and hard to reason that antimatter wouldn’t be attractive to itself.

Which leads to the question, can a matter made human get his hands on antimatter and make use of it? One encouraging thought is that antimatter can form up on earth in a thunderstorm and not deliver a huge explosive planet shattering shockwave. Nor does it seem that a universe filled with the stuff has annihilated itself nor is there a stunning show of explosions eternally filling the sky.

Whether or not the electromagnetic potential of antimatter is reversed to matter is still a theory. The theory relies on CPT invariance working within the theory of general relativity. That’s two big questions.

As the facts stand today thunderstorms are making antimatter and the questions on how antimatter could be put to work are only causes for debate and discussion.

There remains a second catch: the antimatter positron particles that the Fermi spacecraft encountered collided with electrons in the spacecraft where the particles annihilated each other.

But a reversed charge from two kinds of matter could offer a truly elegant engineering answer to the production of energy. It’s finally time now to stop kicking the antimatter can down the road and pick it up to see what can be made of it.

We know where it can be caught, even how it’s made – let’s try the first step to catch a little!

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Posted in: energy,Energy From Antimatter,matter,positron,thunderstorms

Neutrino Explains Matter In Universe

Super-Kamiokande Built in an abandoned mine, the "Super-K" neutrino detector surrounds 50,000 gallons of super pure water with 11,200 photomultiplier tubes. To give an idea of the scale, that object in the distance is two men in a rubber raft.

Japan’s “T2K,” one of our favorite neutrino experimentsmight have just cracked the mystery of why matter triumphed over antimatter after the Big Bang (they should have canceled each other out). The international experiment’s data from earlier this year--before its science was interrupted by the earthquake in March--indicates that muon neutrinos can transform into electron neutrinos.

A primer on neutrinos and why we should care about them: Neutrinos are one of the fundamental building blocks of matter, though they interact very weakly with normal matter (innumerable neutrinos kicked out by the sun pass straight through the earth at any moment, rarely pausing to interact with the planet). They come in three flavors: muon neutrinos, electron neutrinos, and and tau neutrinos. And for the aforementioned reason they are very hard to detect.

Nonetheless, via detectors like T2K (for Tokai-to-Kamioka, as these are the origin and terminus of the nearly 200-mile experiment) we are able to detect and study neutrinos every now and again. T2K fires a beam of muon neutrinos straight through the ground from Tokai on the east coast to the Super-Kamiokande detector 183 miles away. And recently at Super-K, some of the neutrinos detected were electron neutrinos, indicating that they has had shifted mid-flight.

We already knew about two different oscillations (that’s a change from one flavor of neutrino to another) but we’ve never this new, third oscillation: a muon turning into an electron neutrino.

This is significant, because it means that normal neutrinos could have different oscillation characteristics than their antiparticle counterparts (antineutrinos). It’s an example of what physicists term a CP violation, and it could explain why, when all of our models show that the Big Bang should’ve created equal parts matter and antimatter (which would annihilate each other instantly), an excess of matter clearly survived to make up the universe.

That’s big news, but nothing is yet certain. Repairs are underway at T2K’s accelerator, and the experiment will begin churning out data to corroborate (or disprove) the finding later this year.

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Posted in: matter,neutrino,Super-Kamiokande

Quantum reality

Strange world of quantum theory has inspired a multitude of interpretations that contain some fascinating ideas on one hand, and on the other, downright eccentric.

Quantum theory is a scientific masterpiece - but physicists are still not sure how to interpret it. A century, it seems, is not enough. One hundred years ago in Brussels, Belgium, held the first global conference on topics in physics. The subject in question was new and strange interpretation of quantum theory and if it ever be possible to put the ideas into agreement with our everyday experience that will provide us such a coherent world.

It is a question that physicists war even today. Quantum particles, such as atoms and molecules have strange ability to appear in two places at once, to rotate clockwise and vice-versa at the same time, or affect each other instantly when they are separated by a half universe. The problem is that we too are all made of atoms and molecules, but we can not do any of this. Why? "At what point shall cease to apply quantum mechanics?" asks Harvey Brown, a philosopher of science at the University of Oxford.

Although the answer is still to be expected, the struggle to make one, proves to be the reward of this effort.

This is because, for example, has created the new field of quantum computation that has gained attention in the high-tech corporations and government intelligence agencies. It gives us a new approach to the problem of formulating a theory of everything in physics, even we could provide details about the origin of the universe. As the talk of enterprise of a cynical and skeptical scientist on the field of quantum mechanics - Albert Einstein - has rejected classifying it as a "soft pillow", which urges physicists to sleep.

Unfortunately for Einstein quantum theory proved to be a masterpiece. No experiment has come to disagree with his predictions and can say with confidence that the theory is a rigorous way to describe how the universe works on a microscopic scale. Which brings us face to face with one last question: What does this theory mean?

Physicists try to answer this question using the so-called "interpretations" - philosophical speculation, fully compliant with the experiments, of the quantum theory. "There is a real zoo of interpretations," said Vlatko Vedra, who divides his time between Oxford University and the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore.

No scientific theory has been seen from so many different angles. How so? And will any of the interpretations prevail at the expense of others? Let's refer, for example, to the approach that is now known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, introduced by the danish physicist Niels Bohr. It states essentially that any attempt to speak, for example, the position of an electron in an atom, is meaningless in the absence of measurements.

Only when interacting with an electron trying to see using a non-quantum, or "classic" device, it gets the attributes that we would call physical properties and thus becomes part of reality. There are alternative interpretation of history, which explains the strangeness of quantum theory through the idea that any object exists in multiple versions of countless parallel universes. Or maybe you prefer Broglie-Bohm interpretation, in which quantum theory is considered incomplete: we lack certain properties hidden in the presence of which it would make sense.

There are plenty of other interpretations, such as Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber interpretation, transactional interpretation (which uses the idea that particles traveling backward in time, tachyons), Roger Penrose's interpretation is that it speaks of a collapse due to gravitational forces, modal interpretation .. . in the last 100 years, the zoo interpretations of quantum mechanics has become a crowded and noisy place.

Despite this widespread agitation, there are a few interpretations that seem to matter to most physicists.

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Posted in: albert einstein,electron,matter,molecules,physics,quantum,quantum mechanics,theory,universes

Real Void

                    An interesting theory says that the real void/vacuum is infinite in volume, has no weight, is composed of''nothing''and has an infinite age. For many people, the real void is the same as the void space in which light propagates.
   Well, one of the questions was as follows: if the photon is so small, how come that he has so much energy so as to travel 300.000 km/s? The answer was simple: it is caught by a tractor beam, a total unknown force of false vacuum or space, where it starts right next to super blackholes, super blackholes located outside of our universe.

The space is supposed to be made from a material that is totally unknown and represents the highest percentage of' ''mass'' of the universe. Known material is the universal unified field, consists of the four forces (strong, electromagnetic, weak and gravitational) and it is known that all four vector forces acting at the nucleus, inward. So, something opposed collapsing the entire universe, and is supposed to be antimatter or a sales force of cosmic vacuum that gives rise to another force called matter.
   This could explain the time travel in an identical universe composed of antimatter , but ''flowing'' from the future to the past. The future would be the end of our predictable and predestined material universe, where in the antimatter dimension would "flow" towards a predictable and predestined past.
   Real void is infinite, and in this real void exists "holes" of false void. Such a hole of false void would be as much as 10 universes all together. And it is possible that the smallest particles in the universe is nothing but real void fluctuations. Imagine that in one second, cvintillions of such fluctuations are produced. Fluctuation would be nothing but a''potential''difference between the real and false void.

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Posted in: antimatter,matter,universe,void

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